Extract weather from the nearest Patched Point data set BoM weather station in the SILO network using Australian GPS coordinates

Extracts station-based weather data for the provided dates from the nearest weather station to the provided longitude and latitude values in x. Weather data for the single closest station(s) to the provided longitude and latitude will always be returned.

Usage

extract_patched_point(
  xy,
  locations = NULL,
  lonlat = NULL,
  start_date,
  end_date,
  n_stations = 1L,
  values = "all",
  api_key = weatherOz::get_key(service = "SILO")
)

Arguments

xy: A list or data.frame object with names containing pairings of longitude and latitude values expressed as decimal degree values in that order. A data.frame may also be an sf points object. See Details for more.
locations: The column in which the location names are located as an Integer value. Defaults to 1.
lonlat: A vector of integer values indicating the column index in which the longitude and latitude values are contained. Defaults to 2:3.
start_date: A character string or Date object representing the beginning of the range to query in the format “yyyy-mm-dd” (ISO8601). Data returned is inclusive of this date.
end_date: A character string or Date object representing the end of the range query in the format “yyyy-mm-dd” (ISO8601). Data returned is inclusive of this date. Defaults to the current system date.
n_stations: An integer value that indicates how many stations per location should be returned. Defaults to one (1) station with only the nearest station being returned. Values greater than 1 will result in the next nearest stations being returned from 1 to n.
values: A character string with the type of weather data to return. See Available Values for a full list of valid values. Defaults to all with all available values being returned.
api_key: A character string specifying a valid email address to use for the request. The query will return an error if a valid email address is not provided.

Value

A data.table::data.table() with the weather data queried with the weather variables in alphabetical order. The first eight columns will always be:

location,
x (longitude of location),
y (latitude of location),
station_code,
station_name,
year,
day,
date (ISO8601 format, "YYYYMMDD").

Column Name Details

Column names are converted from the default returns of the API to be snake_case formatted and where appropriate, the names of the values that are analogous between SILO and DPIRD data are named using the same name for ease of interoperability, e.g., using rbind() to create a data.table that contains data from both APIs.

The SILO documentation provides the following information for the PatchedPoint data.

These data are a continuous daily time series of data at either recording stations or grid points across Australia:

Data at station locations consists of observational records which have been supplemented by interpolated estimates when observed data are missing. Datasets are available at approximately 8,000 Bureau of Meteorology recording stations around Australia.
Data at grid points consists entirely of interpolated estimates. The data are taken from the SILO gridded datasets and are available at any pixel on a 0.05° × 0.05° grid over the land area of Australia (including some islands).

Available Values

all: Which will return all of the following values
rain (mm): Rainfall
max_temp (degrees C): Maximum temperature
min_temp (degrees C): Minimum temperature
vp (hPa): Vapour pressure
vp_deficit (hPa): Vapour pressure deficit
evap_pan (mm): Class A pan evaporation
evap_syn (mm): Synthetic estimate¹
evap_comb (mm): Combination (synthetic estimate pre-1970, class A pan 1970 onwards)
evap_morton_lake (mm): Morton's shallow lake evaporation
radiation (Mj/m²): Solar exposure, consisting of both direct and diffuse components
rh_tmax (%): Relative humidity at the time of maximum temperature
rh_tmin (%): Relative humidity at the time of minimum temperature
et_short_crop (mm): FAO56⁴ short crop
et_tall_crop (mm): ASCE⁵ tall crop⁶
et_morton_actual (mm): Morton's areal actual evapotranspiration
et_morton_potential (mm): Morton's point potential evapotranspiration
et_morton_wet (mm): Morton's wet-environment areal potential evapotranspiration over land
mslp (hPa): Mean sea level pressure

Duplicated values

The resulting data.table::data.table may contain duplicated weather values depending on the distance from each location to the nearest station, i.e. one station may be the closest station to more than one queried location. Therefore, the final data.frame will have the same weather data for multiple locations as provided in xy.

Value information

Solar radiation: total incoming downward shortwave radiation on a horizontal surface, derived from estimates of cloud oktas and sunshine duration³.

Relative humidity: calculated using the vapour pressure measured at 9am, and the saturation vapour pressure computed using either the maximum or minimum temperature⁶.

Evaporation and evapotranspiration: an overview of the variables provided by SILO is available here, https://data.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/static/publications/Evapotranspiration_overview.pdf.

Data codes

The data are supplied with codes indicating how each datum was obtained.

0: Official observation as supplied by the Bureau of Meteorology
15: Deaccumulated rainfall (original observation was recorded over a period exceeding the standard 24 hour observation period).
25: Interpolated from daily observations for that date.
26: Synthetic Class A pan evaporation, calculated from temperatures, radiation and vapour pressure.
35: Interpolated from daily observations using an anomaly interpolation method.
75: Interpolated from the long term averages of daily observations for that day of year.

xy

xy as a List Object

If xy is a list object, each individual vector's items should be named “x” (longitude) and “y” (latitude), respectively. The list item names should be descriptive of the individual vectors and will be included in a “location” column of the output.

xy as a Data Frame Object

If xy is a data.frame, it should be a three column object with the first column being the location name, the second longitude and the third, latitude both as decimal degrees in numeric format.

xy as an sf Object

If xy is an sf object, it should only be point geometry. If the data are projected, they will be reprojected to "EPSG:4326", Geographic Coordinate System WGS 84 before the extraction.

References

Rayner, D. (2005). Australian synthetic daily Class A pan evaporation. Technical Report December 2005, Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Indooroopilly, Qld., Australia, 40 pp.
Morton, F. I. (1983). Operational estimates of areal evapotranspiration and their significance to the science and practice of hydrology, Journal of Hydrology, Volume 66, 1-76.
Zajaczkowski, J., Wong, K., & Carter, J. (2013). Improved historical solar radiation gridded data for Australia, Environmental Modelling & Software, Volume 49, 64–77. DOI: doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.06.013 .
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Irrigation and drainage paper 56: Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, 1998.
ASCE’s Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation, proceedings of the National Irrigation Symposium, Phoenix, Arizona, 2000.
For further details refer to Jeffrey, S.J., Carter, J.O., Moodie, K.B. and Beswick, A.R. (2001). Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data, Environmental Modelling and Software, Volume 16/4, 309-330. DOI: doi:10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00008-1 .

Author

Adam H. Sparks, adamhsparks@gmail.com

Examples

if (FALSE) { # \dontrun{

# Source data from a list of latitude and longitude coordinates in NSW & WA

locs <- list(
  "Merredin" = c(x = 118.28, y = -31.48),
  "Corrigin" = c(x = 117.87, y = -32.33),
  "Tamworth" = c(x = 150.84, y = -31.07)
)

# Replace "your_api_key" with a valid email address.

w <- extract_patched_point(
  xy = locs,
  start_date = "20210101",
  end_date = "20210131",
  api_key = "your_api_key"
)
} # }